FAQ's

1. What is CITES?

CITES is the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. It is an international agreement between governments, put in place to ensure that international trade in certain species of wild plants and animals does not threaten their survival. It entered into force in 1975 and currently has a membership of over 170 countries, known as Parties. CITES works by controlling international trade of listed species through a system of permits. There are approximately 30,000 species covered by CITES, which are listed in three Appendices according to the degree of protection they need:

Appendix I includes species threatened with extinction. Trade in specimens of these species is permitted only in exceptional circumstances.

Appendix II includes species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which trade must be controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival.

Appendix III contains species that are protected in at least one country, which has asked other CITES Parties for assistance in controlling the trade.

The majority of international trade is in species listed on Appendix II which are not necessarily threatened with extinction, but they may become so unless trade is strictly regulated.

For further information visit the official CITES website

2. Why is controlling the international trade in wildlife important?

Levels of exploitation in some wild plants and animals are high, and trade within them, combined with other factors such as habitat loss, pollution, introduction of invasive species and climate change can deplete populations and even threaten the survival of the species. Wildlife trade frequently crosses national borders and international effort under CITES has been crucial to regulate the international trade to ensure that it remains within sustainable limits and prevents any species becoming extinct through overexploitation.

3. How is CITES implemented in the EU?

Within the European Union, CITES is implemented through a set of Regulations known as the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations. These regulations have been directly applicable in each of the Member States of the European Union since 1984 due to the absence of internal border controls with the EU. The EU Wildlife Trade Regulations can be downloaded from the Resources section of this website. Further information on the differences between CITES and the EU Regulations can be found on the European Commission website, and EU Wildlife Trade website

Reference Guide to the implementation of CITES within the EU

4. What are the differences between EU controls and CITES?

Within the European Union the CITES Appendices (I, II and III) are replaced by four Annexes (A, B, C & D). All CITES species are included within the EU Annexes and a number of additional species are also listed. The EU Annexes generally relate to the CITES Appendices, with Annex A being equivalent to Appendix I, but the EU Annexes are in some cases are stricter than CITES itself.

A CITES Appendix II species can be listed on Annex A of the EU Regulations, meaning that import conditions are more strict for EU countries than other CITES Parties. Annex D includes species that are not listed on CITES, but the EU has determined that the trade levels into the Community warrant monitoring in order to establish if trade to the EU is a potential threat. Further information on the differences between CITES and the EU Regulations can be found on the European Commission website, and EU Wildlife Trade website

5. How do I find out which species are controlled?

To find out whether a species is listed in the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, search the UNEP-WCMC EU Wildlife Trade Regulation Database using either the scientific or common name of the species. If a species is listed, the database indicates which EU Annex is applicable under "Legislation". For additional guidance on how to use the database, refer to the Database FAQ's (Q2&Q3). A complete list of species included within the EU Annexes can be found in the Search by Annex section.

6. What do I need permits or certificates for?

Permits or certificates may be required for:

- Import, export or re-export

- Sale

- Movement of live specimens

The necessary permits to import or (re-)export a species into or from the European Community depend upon the EU Annex on which the species is listed.

A full list of the requirements for import/(re-)export are available on the EU Wildlife Trade website. Further details of certificates required for sale and movement of species listed in the EU Annexes are available in FAQ 10 and 11.

The requirements also relate to the parts and derivatives of plants and animals listed, which may include for example, caviar, manufactured leather products, shells, plant roots within Traditional East Asian Medicines or ivory.

Hybrid specimens are also controlled by the Regulations. If a specimen has in its recent lineage (past five generations) a species listed in the Annexes of EU Wildlife Trade Regulations then it is subject to the permit/certificate requirements.

7. How do I obtain a permit or certificate?

Each EU Member State has a designated agency or Management Authority (MA) responsible for issuing CITES permits and certificates. Contact details of national Management Authorities competent to grant permits for each country can be found on the National contacts page of the CITES website. Applications for CITES permits should be acquired from your national MA.

UNEP-WCMC does not issue CITES permits or certificates.

Websites for the Management Authorities of EU Member States

8. Are there any exemptions from permit requirements for tourist souvenirs/personal use?

Tourist souvenirs made from CITES species still require import and export permits. An export permit (from the country of origin) and an import permit (issued by the importing EU Member State) are required for Annex A species and an export permit only (from the country of origin) is required for Annex B tourist souvenirs (excluding live animals).

There are a number of personal allowances for CITES items (parts and derivatives) which may be imported into the EU without the requirement to obtain CITES permits.
Further details can be obtained from EU Management Authorities or in in Chapter XIV of Commission Regulation (EC) No. 865/2006 (amended by Commission Regulation EC (No) 100/2008).

9. Can I buy or sell species listed on the EU Regulations?

The commercial use of any Annex A species is strictly controlled within the EU. Please refer to EU Management Authorities for more details on certificates of commercial use for Annex A species.

Further information can be found on the following websites:
European Commission
TRAFFIC - wildlife trade in the EU

10. Do I need a permit or certificate to move a listed species within the EU?

The movement of live Annex A specimens within EU countries may require prior authorisation from by Management Authority of the Member State where the specimen is located. A movement certificate may be required. Further details can be obtained from EU Management Authorities.

11. Do I need a permit or certificate to buy/sell wildlife specimens over the internet?

Yes. Any species listed in the Annexes of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations requires the correct documentation for import/export and sale. There are no exceptions for trade over the internet.

EU Management Authority contacts

12. How are EU import restrictions formed?

Import restrictions are formed on the basis of opinions of the EU Scientific Review Group (SRG) or following the implementation of taxon-specific CITES trade suspensions. The SRG is made up of representatives of CITES Scientific Authorities within the EU Member States, and its remit is to examine scientific questions relating to the application of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations. The SRG may form a 'positive opinion' or a 'negative opinion' where it has examined whether imports of a particular species from a particular country comply with the conservation requirements of the Regulation or not, these are generally defined as:

Negative opinion: The species is in trade or is likely to be in trade, and introduction to the Community from the country of origin at current or anticipated levels of trade is likely to have a harmful effect on the conservation status of the species or the extent of the territory occupied by the species.

Positive opinion: The species is in trade, or is likely to be in trade, and introduction to the Community from the country of origin at current or anticipated levels of trade will not have a harmful effect on the conservation status of the species or the extent of the territory occupied by the species.

Further explanations of SRG positive and negative opinions can be found in the Reference Guide to the implementation of CITES within the EU

A list of all species which are subject to an EU import suspension or negative opinion of the Scientific Review Group can be found in the Search by Trade Restrictions section of the website.

13. How do I interpret the information on species restrictions?

Import suspension are displayed by country under "Import restrictions under Article 4.6", with the date that the suspension came into effect, in the "legal" tab. The suspension is only valid if the date refers to the most recent import suspension regulation (as indicated in the European Commission Decisions section of the legal tab).

SRG opinions may be positive or negative and each includes a date of entry into force. Changes in opinion can be deduced by the dates of the opinions. For example, if a negative opinion for a species/country combination came into force on 25/10/05, and a positive opinion came into force on 09/03/06, then the negative opinion no longer applies. The notes in the right hand column must be referred to carefully, which provide the source of the specimens that the SRG opinion relates to, (i.e. wild, ranched, or certain size restrictions).

14. How can I identify a species?

An identification manual of CITES-listed species is available on the CITES website. National Management and Scientific Authorities may be able to provide assistance with species identification, as well as museums of national history or botanic and zoological gardens.

15. Where can I report suspected instances of illegal wildlife trade?

If you suspect that someone has traded species covered by the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations without the necessary paperwork you should contact your local police or national CITES Management Authority.

16. How can I find out if a species is threatened?

The IUCN has compiled a list of threatened species known as the "Red List of Threatened Species" to determine for many species, their relative extinction risk.

Further information on threatened species:
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

17. How can I find information on trade in a species?

Trade data for species listed in the Appendices to CITES can be downloaded from the CITES Trade Database, managed by UNEP-WCMC.

1. What information is available in the EU Wildlife Trade Regulation Database?

The EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Database contains information on all species that are listed on the Annexes to the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations. For each taxa, the database includes details of nomenclature, the relevant EU Annex (A-D), trade restrictions, export quotas, geographic distribution, IUCN threat category, references and photographs, in addition to links to other useful websites.

2. How do I search for a species?

Species information can be found by searching a species by the scientific name or common name. The entire scientific or common name does not need to be entered. Typing the first three letters in the search tool should provide options for accepted species names, synonyms and common names which are held within our database. Please note that not all common names are included in our database. If names are mis-spelt, the website will not recognise the species searched for.

There is also an option to select taxa by using a drop down list of higher taxon names (see Q3).

3. Why can't I find a match for the species I'm searching for?

Try searching by using both the common name and scientific name. A higher taxonomy option also allows users to select a higher taxonomic level from a drop down list, for example Order, which then provides a list of options for the next level of taxonomy, e.g. all the families within that Order.

Firstly, the Kingdom (plant or animal) must be selected. Further options for searching by Phylum, Order, Family, and Genus are then available. A complete list of species generated by your selection is available for Order, Family and Genus only.

It is also possible that the species searched for is not listed on the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations.

4. Who decides which species' scientific names to use as the accepted name?

The EU Wildlife Trade Regulation database follows the CITES standard nomenclature adopted by the Conference of the Parties (CoP). All CITES Parties follow standard nomenclature which may be amended at meetings of the CoP, which are usually held every two-three years. The CITES Nomenclature Committee recommends new or updated species names to reflect recent scientific literature.

The CITES standard nomenclature can be found within Resolution Conf. 12.11 (Rev. CoP14) on the CITES website.

5. How do I know if the scientific name of a species is the accepted scientific name or a synonym (non-accepted name)?

The EU Wildlife Trade Regulation Database contains information on both the currently accepted scientific name used by CITES and also any synonyms (or other names used). The database distinguishes between them by adding Accepted("A") or Synonym("S") in brackets after the species' name. Full information relating to a species (including its distribution and legal status) will only be displayed when viewing the accepted scientific name.

If you enter a recognised synonym, the search results will automatically display the species accepted name.

6. Why is the common name not included in the database?

Species often have multiple common names in a number of different languages. UNEP-WCMC tries to include the most popular common names, but there may be additional names not listed in the database. Some species do not have specific common names.

7. What sources are used to confirm a species distribution?

Species' distribution data are obtained from a variety of published sources. References relating to countries of distribution can be found in the "Distribution" section for each species in the database.

If you notice a discrepancy or have details of published research which confirms distribution in other countries please contact us at species@unep-wcmc.org and where possible include the full citation of the reference relating to the information you have. However, please note that the distribution of a species depends on the taxonomy followed (see Qs 4 & 5).

8. How can I find out which species are restricted from import into the EU?

A list of all species which are subject to an import restriction into the EU by either an import suspension or negative opinion of the Scientific Review Group can be found in the Search by Trade Restrictions section of the website.

9. How can I find out about country-based information?

Country-based information can be queried by using the Search by Country option. It is possible to find all information held within the database for a particular country or refine a search to one or more variable. These may include export quotas for the current year, EU import restrictions (import suspensions and negative opinions of the SRG), CITES suspensions and occurrence of species listed on the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations with that country.

10. How can I create a subset of EU species?

Subsets of species listed on the EU Annexes can be generated using the Search by Annex tool, either by taxonomic groups or by Annex (A-D). The default selection is "all" plants and animals, however if a kingdom is selected, the user has the option to select an Order, and then a Family, and so on. Annexes A-D can be selected as required.

11. Where can I find further information about a species?

The Library section contains further information on each CITES species including:

- the relevant CoP listing proposal
- case studies presented at the CITES Non-Detriment Finding workshop
- reviews of species subject to the CITES Review of Significant Trade

The results page for species searched in the database provides further relevant species links in the resources tab

12. If the website shows the species is listed by the EU Regulations, are all subspecies included?

If a species is listed on the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations then all subspecies are also included, except in specific instances where subspecies are listed individually. The website clearly indicates where legislation differs at the subspecies level. For example, it is clear that whilst Boa constrictor is listed in Annex B, the subspecies Boa constrictor occidentalis, is included in Annex A and so the legislation is recorded at the subspecies level.

13. How can I provide feedback on this website?

Please provide us with comments on how you think the EU Wildlife Trade Regulation website could be improved to species@unep-wcmc.org

14. How should I cite the UNEP-WCMC EU Trade Regulation Database?

The database should be cited as UNEP-WCMC 2009. UNEP-WCMC EU Wildlife Trade Regulation database as of []

1. What is EPIX ?

EPIX (Electronic Permit Information eXchange) is a project to develop mechanisms to facilitate the expedite, electronic exchange and verification of CITES permit data among CITES Authorities. It will allow participating Parties to query and retrieve electronic permit information through a secure website. It has been developed with support from the European Commission.

2. Why is EPIX necessary?

The objectives of EPIX are to allow Management Authorities to:

- share permit data electronically in near-real time
- submit online queries on permits issued by their own or other Management Authorities
- submit annual reports automatically to UNEP-WCMC

Currently, there can be a significant time delay from the point of actual trade occurring to the submission of official annual reports on permits issued and their inclusion in the online CITES Trade database. This delay can be up to 18 months for EU Member States and 22 months for other CITES Parties. If Parties require information on permits issued by other Parties before annual reports are available, they must consult bilaterally. This can be time consuming and lead to the multiplication of effort. Through an online query and verification system, EPIX will provide a mechanism to facilitate the expedite exchange of permit information.

Thus, EPIX will enable, for example:

- Customs authorities in countries with multiple entry ports to verify permit data
- Re-exporting authorities to verify any partial use made by other management authorities of an import permit, so as to identify and prevent the use of CITES permits for the laundering of illegally obtained specimens.
- Importing Authorities to verify the details contained in an export permit, therefore aiding to identify and prevent permit forgery.

3. How will EPIX work?

EPIX will operate over the internet. CITES Management Authorities will be able to make an enquiry about a permit through a secure interface on UNEP-WCMC’s website. The system will be password protected so only authorised users will have access to the system. Authorities with systems capable of automatic data exchange may also consult the system automatically (through a standard XML tool).

Once an enquiring authority enters details for the permit they are querying, the system will check if any matching permits are already held within the central database. If matching permit details are held, the full permit details will be displayed online to the enquiring authority. If there are no matching details, an automatic query will be sent to the MA of issue to request confirmation of the permit details. The MA of issue can then enter details within a secure website for inclusion within the database. If possible, the MA of issue also has the option of linking their permitting database with the central database (through a standard XML) to respond automatically to any queries received, therefore eliminating the need to provide manual responses to individual queries.

4. How can Management Authorities share permit data through EPIX?

Permit-data-exchange tools have been designed so that participant Management Authorities can participate in the project regardless of the type of information-management system they use. Automated webservices have been developed by Parties to provide a service orientated approach (to supply data on demand) or a data orientated approach (to supply data periodically).

It is also possible for MAs to add data by sending batches of data periodically. Permit data can also be simply supplied by email when issuing authorities verify permit details on a case-by-case basis following a query submitted by another Party. These routes are described in more detail below.

a) Automated data provision: For Management Authorities which have systems capable of automatic data exchange

Management Authorities that have developed automatic data transfer tools can establish a schema with UNEP-WCMC (e.g. via XML) for automated data exchange. This will enable them to either ‘push’ their data into the central CITES Trade database or have their data ‘pulled’ into the UNEP-WCMC server at regular intervals (e.g. once every two weeks) or provide a service that allows UNEP-WCMC to extract data on demand.

b) Case-by-case data provisions via email

Permits issued by Parties that do not regularly provide their data to UNEP-WCMC for real-time data sharing can still be queried. The validation process in this case will take place though email as described in question 3 for permits that are queried. Details of all validated permits may be stored in the central database on a case-by-case basis. Once the data are provided by the issuing Party, they thus can remain in the database to serve any future enquiries.

c) Batch data provision: For Management Authorities which can provide permit details in batches (e.g. in csv format)

A complex webservice is not required to participate in EPIX. Representatives of Management Authorities can upload their own permit data to UNEP-WCMC (using for example, csv format, such as through an Excel file) via a secure internet interface on a regular basis. The data will only need to conform to a specified format that will then be added automatically to the database.

5. Can Management Authorities query their own data?

Yes. It is possible for a Management Authority or another approved authority within a Member State to query a permit from the central database. This may allow other authorities (e.g. Enforcement Authorities, Scientific Authorities or regional MAs) to query the permits issued by its own Management Authority online. This may assist Enforcement Authorities in identifying any potential illegitimate use of permits within their own countries.

6. What permit information will be transferred between participating Management Authorities?

In principle, the data that will be available through the EPIX portal will only comprise the information fields that are normally submitted within CITES annual reports. However, in the context of developing electronic permitting systems, it is possible that future phases could include the storage and display of trader information if requested by Management Authorities. It is also possible that the architecture developed for EPIX will in future be adapted for EC Certificates.

7. What happens if permit details change or permits are cancelled once the data has been submitted to UNEP-WCMC?

If the data is being exchanged through the automated method (A), an in-built facility could check any changes to permits on the Management Authorities server and only import the data which has been amended or added. If data is being transferred by file uploads, permits which have been updated (such as semi-complete permits) will overwrite any previous records of that exact permit.

8. Will the data be added to the online CITES trade Database?

It may be possible to transfer permit data received by Management Authorities though this project to the online CITES Trade database once the reporting year is complete, the MA has information available on the permit status (i.e. whether trade actually occurred or not) and the Management Authority has authorised UNEP-WCMC to do so. However, the focus of the current development phase is to establish the tools for information exchange between MAs.

9. Has CITES EPIX been tested?

Yes. An initial pilot phase to design an automated mechanism for data exchange in consultation with one EC Member State, the Czech Republic, was successfully tested in late 2009. UNEP-WCMC can retrieve CITES data via a webservice developed by the Czech Republic to pull out:

• a complete year of data into our own server
• only data that has been updated since the last ‘pull’
• filtered data by permit type (import, export and re-export)

UNEP-WCMC gained valuable experience in working with the Czech Republic in this pilot phase and both parties assisted each other on agreeing on the data exchange protocols. The mechanism to provide data as discrete batches has also been tested with sponsorship from, and in collaboration with, the Management Authority of the UK.

We encourage additional Member States to participate in the project, regardless of the information management system they use.

10. What are the IT requirements in order for Member States to participate?

The IT requirements for participation in the project depend on the route of data transfer chosen by the MA.

For automated data transfer (route A – see question 4), the exchange will take place through XML (Extensible Markup Language). This is basically a set of rules for structuring data transfer and encoding documents electronically. UNEP-WCMC can work with Management Authorities to receive an XML corresponding to the structure and standards of their national systems. However, access of data from EPIX is provided through the XML document/schema provided by the CITES Toolkit developed by the CITES Secretariat.

For case-by-case data provision (route B – see question 4) Parties need to provide a designated email address to which queries can be sent about the permits they have issued.

For batch data provision (route C – see question 4), MAs will need to agree with UNEP-WCMC the specific format for the data to be exported to ensure that it is compatible with the EPIX system. We are aware that MAs are likely to store data differently and are happy to provide advice on formatting. An example of the type of file that would be compatible can be found here.

All authorised users can consult data in EPIX through a simple, secure internet page (see question 15).

11. What specific actions are required from participating Management Authorities?

If the MA wishes to participate in the project then please get in contact with UNEP-WCMC in the first instance at epix@unep-wcmc.org. Management Authorities that are considering developing an automated method of data exchange (route A) will need to notify us of what services the MA already has in place that may enable data exchange. We will also be able to assist on an advisory basis for Management Authorities that are considering developing this kind of service based on our experience of similar projects.

12. What assistance will be provided to Member States participating in the project?

There is no specific funding available to assist Member States in developing systems to transfer data automatically to UNEP-WCMC. However, UNEP-WCMC will provide technical and advisory support to all EU Member States that decide to participate in the project, for example advice on formatting data, development of the standard XML, data transfer and testing of data transfer.

13. How does CITES EPIX relate to the CITES working group on Use of Information Technologies and Electronic Systems?

The data-exchange tools are being developed in conjunction with the CITES working group on the Use of Information Technologies and Electronic Systems. This working group has developed a “toolkit” of guidance and standards for data electronic exchange, proposed for international adoption by the CITES community - see CoP15 Doc 30.1

14. How and when can Management Authorities get involved?

There are no specific deadlines for participation in the project and it is clear that some Authorities are likely to join the project gradually as their own data exchange tools are being developed. UNEP-WCMC would request that interested Authorities get in touch with us as soon as possible as the project progresses during 2010. Please contact us at epix@unep-wcmc.org.

1. What information is available in the Captive Breeding Database?

The Captive Breeding Database contains information relating to the captive breeding, ranching and mariculture of species that are listed on the Annexes to the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations.

2. Where does the information in the database come from?

The database was initially populated by UNEP-WCMC with information relating to captive breeding, ranching and mariculture facilities derived from emails circulated to EU Member States and from information entered in CIRCA up to April 2011. Registered users from the CITES Authorities of EU Member States are responsible for populating the database with additional information. Personal information on private breeders has not been entered by UNEP-WCMC. Member States will need to obtain consent from private breeders prior to uploading this personal information.

3. How do I search for information?

Information can be found by entering the taxon name and/or country, or the facility name only, in the "Search" function. If different entries exist for a particular query, these will be displayed as an intermediate output.

4. Why can I not find a match for the species/facility/country I am looking for?

It is possible that no data on captive breeding has been entered for this species/facility/country or that the species in question is not listed on the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations. The facility may also have changed name and you may be looking for a name that has not been added to the database.

5. How do I enter information on a new breeding facility?

A new facility can be entered within "Add data", by selecting "add new facility".

6. How do I amend the address or name of a facility that has already been entered?

The address or name of a facility can be amended within the "Add data" page, by selecting the facility from the dropdown list and clicking on "Update details". The new address or facility name can now be entered and saved.

7. Where can I find data which has been entered under an old facility name / address?

Hyperlinks to details entered against and old facility name/address are provided underneath the most recently entered facility details. While the most recent record contains all the information entered for the facility/species, records linked to old facility details only contain the information entered against them.

8. How do I add information to a facility that has already been entered?

Within "Add data", select the facility prior to entering information in the relevant fields.

9. How do I add a species and relevant breeding information to a facility that has already been entered?

Within "Add data" select the relevant facility and species and enter any further information available on this species.

10. What if the taxon I wish to enter does not appear in the drop-down list within the "Add data" page?

The drop-down list includes all species that are listed on the Annexes to the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations (all accepted names and many synonyms), as well as taxa entered by other users, such as hybrids. Should the required taxon not appear in the dropdown list, a new taxon can be entered below and added to the database. Before doing so, please make sure you are using the correct spelling.

11. How do I amend/delete information that I have entered?

Entries can only be amended/removed by the organization that entered the data (e.g. all CITES Authorities users within a country can amend each other’s entries, but not entries by users from another Authority). To amend/remove your entry, click on the corresponding "Amend" or "Remove" and make the required changes within the text fields. Entries which are no longer valid will not be permanently deleted, but shift below current entries.

12. How do I enter general information on captive breeding, ranching or mariculture, which is not linked to a species and/or facility?

General information can be entered in the "Add data" page by selecting "General breeding", "General ranching" or "General mariculture" from the Facility dropdown list. If the country does not appear in the dropdown list, then a new facility may be entered, ensuring that in "Facility name" the following structure is followed: General breeding, country.

13. How can I find out more about a specific entry?

The Organisation/CITES Authority who entered the data is displayed for all entries. Users may contact other users directly with regards to entries.

14. How do I know if the scientific name of a species is the accepted scientific name or a synonym (non-accepted name)?

• The EU Wildlife Trade Regulation Database contains information on both the currently accepted scientific name used by CITES and also many recognized synonyms (or other names used). The database distinguishes between them by adding [A] for “accepted” or [S] for “synonym” after the species' name.

• If a recognised synonym is selected, the information entered will be automatically saved under the currently accepted name. If a recognized synonym is searched for, the search results will automatically display the species accepted name.

15. Do I need to search for accepted names and synonyms to check whether data is available?

No. Entries are automatically saved under the currently accepted name of the species. Should users wish to note that the information entered was received when the species was known under a synonym, then this information should be entered into the comments text field in the "Application details" tab.

16. Do I need to search under the most recent and previous names/addresses of facilities?

All data entered against a facility is displayed under the most recent name/address. While previous names of facilities are searchable, the hyperlinks to previous names/addresses are provided within the most recent entry. This allows users to see separately information entered against a previous name/address.

17. How should I cite the UNEP-WCMC Captive breeding and ranching database?

The database should be cited as UNEP-WCMC 2011. UNEP-WCMC EU Wildlife Trade Regulation Captive Breeding Database as of [ ]

18. How can I provide feedback on this website?

Please provide us with comments on how you think the Captive Breeding Database could be improved to species@unep-wcmc.org